Heat a wok or heavy-based frying pan and, without adding any oil, dry-roast the cloves, coriander, cumin and fennel seeds for 40–50 seconds until they release their fragrance, then grind to a powder in a spice grinder.
Add the remaining ingredients to the ground spices in the grinder and whiz to a powder. Store in an airtight jar. The sauces and pastes below are u