- Large holes: too much sugar or leavening agent
- Tunnel-like holes: too little fat, wrong flour, or overmixed batter
- Uneven color: strength of leavening agent diminished or improperly mixed batter
- Tough and chewy: too little sugar or fat or too many eggs
- Dry and crumbly: too little liquid, fat, or sugar, or the cake baked too long
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