Rootstock characteristics: Vigour

The species V. champini, V. berlandieri, and V. rupestris and their hybrids give the most vigour, and V riparia the least. Among the most vigorous rootstocks are therefore Rupestris St George, 99 R, and 110 R, while Riparia Gloire and 101–14 are among the least vigorous. Vigorous vines tend to delay fruit maturity and can substantially reduce red wine colour.