Beer mugs are lidless, handled drinking containers made of materials that include glass, earthenware, pewter, and stoneware. Before the development of sturdy glass and stoneware, wooden and earthenware mugs were used. In the late seventeenth century in England, strong, leaded glass was developed, but throughout Europe, pewter and German stoneware remained the materials of choice. In England in the mid-nineteenth century, pressed glass technology and lifting of the glass excise tax led to the creation and acceptance of the modern glass beer mug.