The influence of Brazilian foodways on the United States occurs in three distinct periods: as a crucial nexus of the quadrangular “Columbian Exchange” described by Alfred W. Crosby in his 1972 book with that title; as a much smaller component of a secondary migration of people and foodstuffs within the hemisphere following the clipper ship routes around South America and the gold rushes of 1840–1860; and as an immigrant cuisine with several kinds of crossover appeal since the mid-1980s.