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Published 2006
Water is a by-product of the hygiene or sanitation required to make wine, for example washing tanks, fermenters, and barrels. Roughly 1.5 volumes (litres/gallons) of water is used in the production of 1 volume of wine, though the exact amount depends on winemaking processes, winery equipment, and winery practices. Over a year, about 70% of the total volume of waste water generated is during the vintage period, so sustainable waste-water systems need to be designed to handle these loads at this time.