Preface

Food has profoundly affected American history, beginning in prehistoric times, when Old World hunters came to the New World seeking big game, to modern times, in which American agriculture has helped feed the world. Food has profoundly shaped our society: it has influenced population growth and migrations, dictated economic and political changes, expanded commerce, inspired poems and literature, and precipitated the evolution and invention of lifestyles. The desire for food served at particular times and in specific ways has stimulated the creation of new technologies, from the earliest canning efforts to the latest genetic engineering. Food was at the core of American medicine in the nineteenth century, and dietary concerns remain an important part of medical practice. Food has been an important weapon in war. Well-fed armies, such as the Union Army in the American Civil War, usually defeat hungry ones; conversely, wars have altered our eating habits by introducing new foods and processes and by creating new uses for old foods. Food is inherent in America’s class structure. Character and status often are judged by the foods on one’s table and the style and rituals involved in serving and eating them. Food has symbolic value. Food has always been important in moral and religious life. Where, what, and how one eats reflect spiritual and ethical values. Beyond its nutritional content, food has psychological and emotional value. Consuming foods and beverages gives pleasure and relieves stress. Who acquires and prepares food has traditionally reflected gender and social status. With whom one eats, and under what conditions, can define family, romantic, or business relationships; a meal can be a status enhancer or even a religious experience. Finally, food is security and power: those who have it survive and thrive; those who lack it languish and die.