1. Frances Boardman Crowninshield, ed., Letters of Mary Boardman Crowninshield 1815-1816 (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1935), 30.
2. See Susan G. Davis, “ ‘Making Night Hideous’: Christmas Revelry and Public Order in 19th Century Philadelphia,” American Quarterly 34 (1982), 185-99.
3. J. S. Udal, “Mummers and a Dorset Version of the Mummers’ Play of St. George,” Dorsetshire Folk-lore (St. Peter Port, Guernsey: Toucan Press, 1970), 435.
4. E. Cobham Brewer, Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger, ca. 1875), 451.
5. William Woys Weaver, Sauerkraut Yankees (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), 192.
6. John Brand, Observations on Popular Antiquities (London: Chatto & Windus, 1900), 283.
7. F. G. Payne, “Welsh Peasant Costume,” Folk Life 2 (1964), 42-57.
8.Lamb’s wool was also the name of wassail in Yorkshire and other parts of central England. See Peter Brears, Traditional Food in Yorkshire (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1987), 181.